REVIEW PAPER, REVIEW ARTICLE (PREGLEDNI RAD)
Mihaela Mihanović1, Tatjana Matijaš1
1 University of Split, Faculty of Health Sciences, Split, Croatia
Corresponding author: Tatjana Matijaš, email:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55378/rv.49.2.6
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects a growing global population each year. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most important imaging modality, providing optimal information for initial diagnosis and insight into disease activity and progression. The introductory part of this paper describes multiple sclerosis, its clinical forms, and common symptoms. MRI is detailed as the key imaging technique for MS due to its superior ability to visualize soft tissue structures, particularly the brain and spinal cord, where MS pathology occurs. The discussion provides an in-depth review of MS lesion presentation on MRI, highlighting the importance of specific imaging sequences for accurate lesion differentiation and classification. Artificial intelligence is presented as a promising advancement that could be increasingly used in the future as a tool for faster and more precise diagnosis. Finally, the critical role of the radiologic technologist in obtaining the highest quality images, essential for accurate and precise clinical interpretation, is emphasized.
Keywords: lesions; magnetic resonance imaging; multiple sclerosis; radiological technologist; sequences
Abbreviations and acronyms: AI (Artificial Intelligence), CIS (Clinically Isolated Syndrome), CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks), DIR (Double Inversion Recovery), GRE (Gradient Echo Sequence), MPRAGE (Magnetization-Prepared Rapid Acquisition of Gradient Echoes), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), MS (Multiple Sclerosis), MSSEG-2 (Multiple Sclerosis New Lesions Segmentation Challenge), PD (Proton Density), PPMS (Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis), PSIR (Phase-Sensitive Inversion Recovery), RIS (Radiologically Isolated Syndrome), RRMS (Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis), SNR (Signal-To-Noise Ratio), SPMS (Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis), T2-FLAIR (T2-Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery)
Važnost MR-a u dijagnostici i praćenju liječenja multiple skleroze
Sažetak
Multipla skleroza autoimuna je bolest središnjeg živčanog sustava koja iz godine u godinu pogađa sve više ljudi diljem svijeta. Najvažnija metoda oslikavanja koja pruža najbolju informaciju za dijagnozu i uvid u stanje ove bolesti je magnetska rezonancija. U uvodnom dijelu ovog rada opisana je multipla skleroza kao takva, njeni oblici i simptomi koji se, premda vrlo individualni, najčešće pojavljuju kod pacijenata. Također, opisana je magnetska rezonancija kao tehnika oslikavanja koja je danas ključna za prikaz multiple skleroze upravo zbog mogućnosti vizualiziranja mekotkivnih struktura, kao što su mozak i leđna moždina, u kojima se multipla skleroza pojavljuje. Rasprava daje uvid u prikaz lezija multiple skleroze na magnetskoj rezonanciji te opisuje važnost korištenja različitih sekvenci za razne vrste lezija kako bi se one mogle pravilno razlikovati i samim time definirati. Spominje se umjetna inteligencija kao iskorak u dijagnosticiranju multiple skleroze koji bi se mogao u budućnosti sve više primjenjivati kao alat za brže i preciznije postavljanje dijagnoze. Naposljetku, opisuje se važnost radiološkog tehnologa kao osobe koja je ključna za dobivanje što kvalitetnije slike kako bi ona mogla biti pravilno i precizno očitana.
Ključne riječi: lezije; magnetska rezonancija; multipla skleroza; radiološki tehnolog; sekvence
